Work, Labor, Play by Auden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Work, Labor, Play by Auden - Essay Example nished object, product or durable object. The focus is more on the activities making up the process of producing something rather than on the ?nished object† (Maycroft). In other words, work can be said to be done if a finished product is obtained out of the work. On the other hand, it is not necessary that labor produces any finished product. According to Stephen Palmquist, â€Å"labor is any form of life-sustaining effort that is rooted in the "biological process". Work is any form of creative productivity that results in "worldliness"† (Palmquist). In scientific terms, work is said to be done only of the object changes displaces from its initial position. If the object is not displaced, we cannot say that work is done. In that case, we can use the term labor instead of work. In short, work and labor are controversial terms, which are difficult to define. WH Auden in his article, â€Å"work, labor, play†, has defined work, labor and play in different manner. Thi s paper analyses the differences between work and labor and the relationship play has with work and labor. According to Auden, â€Å"A man is a labourer if the job society offers him is of no interest to himself but he is compelled to take it by the necessity of earning a living and supporting his family† (Auden).... Between labour and play stands work. A man is a worker if he is personally interested in the job which society pays him to do; what from the point of view of society is necessary labour is from his own point of view voluntary play (Auden). Play is the activity people often undertake because of their interest. David Beckham is a Football player who plays Football because of his interest in it. Same way, Sachin Tendulkar is a cricket player since he enjoys cricket as a player. However, we cannot label either Sachin or Beckham as labours or workers even though they are doing lot of hard works while playing. It is a fact that they are getting decent money for their work as cricket or football player. Even then, it is impossible to mark them as workers. On the other hand, Steve Jobs and Bill Gates can be labelled as workers. They are excellent professionals who work with enthusiasm and interest in their profession. It is difficult for Gates or Jobs to excel in a sales or accounting profes sion. If these people somehow forced to work in sales or accounting profession, we cannot label them as workers anymore. In such cases, they are only labourers according to the arguments of Auden. In short, play is an activity, which is done fully for enjoyment purpose whereas labour is an activity which is done only for wages; not for enjoyment. Auden argues that the position of work is in between these two; play and labour. In other words, work is done not only for wages but also for enjoyment. Leisure is another activity in which workers and labourers differ widely. According to the views of Auden, â€Å"to a worker, leisure means simply the hours he needs to relax and rest in order to work efficiently whereas to the labourer, leisure means freedom from

Working Parents Have Problem Children Essay Example for Free

Working Parents Have Problem Children Essay A young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority† [1] is the definition of child in Oxford dictionary. The world’s population is estimated to 7 billion with 2 billion children. [2] Turkey has a population of 73,722,998 and including approximately 22.6 million (30.7 %) children.[3] They have an important slide of the population and they are the adults of future. However, as recent conditions are required working more, there exist psychological problems of children with working parents. In this proposal it is intended to investigate the psychology of children with working parents and the possible solutions to influence the psychology of the children with working parents positively by evaluating alternatives. 2. Problem Definition The researches alert that the children with working parents have some psychological and health problems. The study of Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality examines that child’s risk of having overnight hospitalizations, asthma episodes, and injuries or poisonings, a 200 percent increase if child has a working mother.[4]The NICHD Study of Early Child Care reports that a small minority of children ( 16%) who spent 30 [continues] Here are a few ways that children suffer. 1. Lack of Income. One out of five experience various degrees of poverty even in wealthy areas. An ever increasing number of families are poor because both parents are working at low-paying, dead end jobs with no benefits. The results: Kids cannot have things they want and need such as pets, clothes, and school events. They hear mom and dad argue about finances. Low quality daycares that do not meet the needs or provide a safe environment for children. 2. Lack of Interest. We all want what is best for our kids. To some parents, that means providing a better and more comfortable life. They think the only way to have the lifestyle desired is for both parents to work. They forget that what matters more to kids is when their parents show interest in THEM. When both parents work, they usually have less time for their children. The results: Parents miss their childrens events, such as games, recitals, and everyday life. Children do not feel loved. (Love is spelled T-I-M-E). Kids misbehave, just striving to get some kind of attention. In time, it turns to complete rebellion. 3. Lack of Influence. Someone is grooming our kids. If we as parents are not grooming them for success, we are dooming them for failure. If both parents work, kids cannot come to their parents for help with lifes problems. They look to outside sources for guidance. The results: Children look to the media which is filled with violence and vanity. Children look to their peers, which may have their own social problems. Children look to escape through drugs, improper relationships, and other harmful things. Children will probably suffer a lot when they are young (below 12 years old) and both parents are at work. This is because they are not old enough to take care of themselves. They need their parents’ support, both mentally and physically. If parents neglect the growth of their children, it is quite possible that their children will

Physics of a Car Essay -- Physics Car Driving machine Essays

Physics of a Car The average driver doesn’t think about what keeps their car moving or what keeps them on the road, but that’s because they don’t have to. The average driver doesn’t have to worry about having enough downforce to keep them on the road or if they will reach the adhesive limit of their car’s tires around a turn. These are the things are the car designers, professional drivers, racing pit crews, serious sports car owners, and physicist think about. Physics are an important part of every sports and racing car design. The stylish curves and ground effects on sports cars are usually there not just for form but function as well allowing you to go speeds over 140 mph in most serious sports cars and remain on the road and in reasonable control.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The aerodynamic efficiency is the single most important element in designing a competitive car for professional racing or getting the car model on the front of a Car and Driver or Motortrend. Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of gases on objects and the forces created by this motion. The Bernoulli effect is one of the most important behind car design. The Bernoulli Effect states that the pressure of a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state, varies inversely with speed or velocity and a slower moving fluid will exert more pressure on and object than the same fluid moving slower (Yager). The goal of car designers is to make the air passing under a car move faster than the air passing over the car. This causes the air passing over the car to create more downforce than the air passing under the car creates upforce creating a force additional to the car’s weight pushing the car to the road. Large amounts of downforce are needed to keep light cars grounded at high speed and keep to cars from sliding around turns at high speeds. The Venturi Effect is also an important in aerodynamic design. The Venturi Effect states that as a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state passes through a narrow space its speed increases (Yager). This is the reasoning behind keeping cars as close to the ground as they can be safely. The narrow space between the car and the ground increases the speed of the air flowing beneath it causing a decrease in pressure to do the Bernoulli Effect and increase in downforce. The Venturi Effect is the reason for front ground effects, which feature small air ducts or venturi tunnels.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ... ...both worlds for its purpose, the dragster. The Dragster has extremely wide rear tires for acceleration and to keep it going straight. The dragster has extremely thin tires in the front to reduce rolling resistance and because handling is not a concern the car goes in a straight line it does not need to turn.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to have a fast and efficient car all these things I have discussed need to be taken into consideration. A fast car should be designed with aerodynamic surfaces for a balance of maximum production of downforce and minimum drag creating surfaces. It should have as small an engine as possible to reduce mass and reduce the necessary size of the frontal area, but a large enough engine to be able to produce enough horsepower to be able to create more force than the resistance the car faces to accelerate and enough to balance with those forces at high speeds. The tires should be wide enough for fast acceleration and good cornering but not so wide it creates large amounts of rolling resistance. Your overall best example of such a car would be formula one races or Indy cars because they have to have good handling, fast acceleration and reach and maintain high speeds.

Evolution of Management Thought

Corporate situation analysis 1. Overview of sales management(Group-1) Q. Assume that you are a regional sales manager of Bajaj Auto limited. And you are asked by your General a manager(Sales and Marketing) to submit your sales force strategy and tactics to achieve an increase in sales volume by 20% for the next financial year( make assumption if required) 2. ? Sales territories and sales Quota(Group-2) Q.Assume you are appointed as head of marketing of Saragam Aluminium Company, which is a new company, manufacturing and marketing aluminium extruded products, such as door, window and partition aluminium frames, heat sinks and control panels. Customers include household and business organisation. The factory is located in Hosur district of Tamil Nadu, and 38 kilometres from Bangalore. You are discussed with your CEO to initially focus sales and distribution efforts in southern regions, consisting of Karnataka, TN, AP, and Kerala. You are required to design sales territories to cover th e four southern states.Describe how do you go about your task? 3. Distribution in sales management(Group-3) Q. M/SMalhotra is a company making razorblades. They want to enter the market in Hyderabad and AP. Mr. Ramesh Kumar, their marketing manager, is one of the opinions that razor blades need selective distribution by a direct company distribution network. Discuss the merits of the suggestion and give right direction to Ramesh 4. Sales organising and staffing function Q. What kind of organisational specialisation within sales department do you recommended for each of the following companies? Group-4) a) The textile machinery manufacturing company diversifying into a consumer durable product such as auniquely designed table fan that can be used by household consumers and commercial firms initially in western India b) A SBU or business Unitof large company selling airconditioning and refrigeration products to households, cold storage and factories, commercial establishments like hot el, theatres, hospitals, and government organisation all over the nation, with wide range of products, such as room-air-conditioners, packaged-air-conditioner, Central air –conditioning plants, water –cooler, efrigerators, and cold storage plants (Group-5) Q. Some nationalised banks recruit only experienced persons or promote people from, within the organisation. Some other like ICICI banks and IDBI recruit extensively from management institute. Explain the difference in sources used by these financial organisations selling essentially the same kind of find of financial services and products 5. Sales force motivation and training(Group-6) Q. If you were an area sales manager, how would you motivate the following sales person? ) A high performing sales person, whose morale is down because he did not get an expected promotion as a marketing executive, although he has been consistently exceeding his sales target (or quotas) for the past four years. The main responsibiliti es of marketing executives are selling to a few key accounts, and coaching some sales trainees on the job b) An older sales person whose performance has been below expectation for past few years, although he had performed well in the past. He seems to have lost enthusiasm; although he has developed excellent relationship with a few key accounts from whom the company get good sales volume.

Lean

As trained industrial engineers, it seems pretty basic to us. Its simplicity is what makes it work. While the Japanese are rightfully given credit for re-vitiating the concept of lean, its roots really go back to Frederick Winslow Taylor of Bethlehem Steel in the asses and asses. Then it was called â€Å"Scientific Management. † The Taylor approach starts with a clean slate – it designs the process to, as much as possible, only include steps that create value in the product. It is well suited for new plants, new products or new processes. The Japanese approach addresses existing plants, products and processes.It is focused on eliminating â€Å"waste† (anything that is not adding value). As waste is reduced, quality improves, production times are reduced and cost is minimized. Various methodologies are used as tools to achieve this including Value Stream Mapping, AS, Kanata (pull systems) and error-proofing. Our view is that starting with Tailor's approach lets yo u establish the perfect world as a base line. Using the Japanese approach then helps you work toward the perfect world. Let's use a casting example. A typical process might be to cast, clean, finish, re-clean, machine and ship.Why do we clean, finish and machine? We now these processes often can't be eliminated but why not try? If the casting can be produced as-cast either by achieving best practice methods or changing casting methods (investment casting and lost foam often achieve as-cast parts), machining can be eliminated or minimized. If you don't put the stock on you don't have to take it off. Why is finishing (or at least why is so much) required? We know a state-of-the-art MEMO producing iron castings in green sand that require almost no finishing. Are you grinding/trimming parting lines?Then your patterns or molds may need attention. Are you grinding rough casting surfaces? Then your sand is not right or your die casting practices need improvement. Grinding gates? Can they b e relocated to areas where they can be left untouched and minimized using knife gating? Are you welding? If you are not Joining parts in welding all you are doing is fixing mistakes. Why do you clean before finishing? Good sand and shake-out practices should produce castings that are clean enough for finishing. Just clean one time after finishing. What's your scrap level?If you're not under 3% total scrap, no matter what casting method you use, you are not achieving best practice. That's without welding and other salvage operations by the way. There are metal casters achieving these levels every day. How do they do it? They share a lot of common traits. First, they understand what best practice is for the process they are using. That includes melting, molding, sand preparation, finishing or what-ever process they are using. They know the best practice way to do everything. You would be surprised at how many metal casters we visit who don't know what can be done.Next, they are fanati c about doing it the right way. That means equipment 2009 The Folk Group, Adolescent, PA, 18901. 1. 215. 340. 9072 www. Foolproof. Com Page 2 of 8 s well maintained, systems are defined, documented and implemented the same way every time and everyone is well trained and does their Job right. After that they focus on problem Jobs – ones that require re-design, special gating, handling or other steps to insure they are scrap free. Finally, they document all scrap and attack issues. There are other lean practices to implement. If production flows perfectly, there is no inventory waiting to be worked on.Metal casters have helped minimize work-in-process by installing conveyor lines to keep castings moving right through to finished goods storage. This eliminated putting the castings in totes and the added handling. One low to medium volume gray/ductile iron Jobbing foundry (casting weights under 50 pounds) we know now ships 30% of its production the same day and believes they can achieve 70% same day shipment. These standards aren't Just for the high volume or dedicated metal casting companies any more. â€Å"Automation† or â€Å"smart automation† is a part of lean manufacturing as well.Automation refers to automating the process so humans can focus on what humans do best. The objective here is to design the machine so it knows when it is working abnormally and alerts human. The human no longer has to monitor normal production but can focus on abnormal or fault conditions. Removing routine and repetitive activity reduces the chance for error. Lean manufacturing is focused on doing the right tasks, at the right place, at the right time, in the right quantity to achieve perfect work flow while eliminating waste (scrap) and with the ability and flexibility to change.Implementing lean manufacturing often requires a cultural change in all levels of the organization. Once management is committed, a program needs to be started that begins with small s uccesses and grows to include the entire organization. The Toyota Production System (TAPS) focuses on murk and mud. Murk focuses on the preparation and planning of the process, or what work can be eliminated in the design process. Mud are those waste steps and processes that add cost. Murk is used in new product design and mud is used to improve existing operations. TAPS identifies 7 key mud*.They are: 0 Transportation (moving products that is not actually required to perform the processing) 0 Inventory (all components, work-unprocessed and finished stock not being processed) 0 Motion (people or equipment moving or walking more than is required to perform he processing) 0 Waiting (waiting for the next production step) 0 Overproduction (production ahead of demand) 0 Over Processing (due to poor tool or product design creating activity) 0 Defects (the effort involved in inspecting for and fixing/scrapping defects) *From â€Å"Lean Thinking†, Woman, James P. ND Jones, Daniel T. , Free press, 2003, p. 352 What are the steps to developing a lean culture? 1 . Senior management needs to agree on a lean vision. Page 3 of 8 2. Identify the project leader and set objectives for the leader. 3. Communicate the plan and vision to the workforce 4. Solicit volunteers to form the Lean Implementation Team. Five to seven people with varied backgrounds seems to work best. 5. Appoint the Lean Manufacturing Implementation Team 6. Train the team in various lean tools. AS is often a good starting point. 7. Select pilot project implementation. . Implement the pilot. Evaluate the results, review and learn from mistakes made. 9. Roll out the next project(s). 10. Train supervisors how to teach and train their employees. 11. Continue adding and training in additional lean manufacturing tools. Page 4 of 8 FIVE S Companies frequently select AS as a method to start their lean manufacturing program. Five S is a manageable process that is relatively easy for people to understand and ge t their arms around. Five S is a reference to five Japanese words that have been transliterated and translated into English.The technique is characterized, incorrectly, â€Å"standardized cleanup. † It is more than that. Five S is a method to organize and manage the workspace and work flow with the intent of improving efficiency by eliminating waste, improving work flow and reducing process inefficiencies. The ass's are: Sort (Series), Straighten (Sexton), Sweep (Skies), Standardize (Quickest) and Sustain (Skittish). Sort – This means going through the work area and making sure only essential items are present. This is eliminating tools, materials, fixtures or any other items not used in the process.Everything else is stored or, preferably, discarded. Straighten – Straighten focuses on setting the workplace in order to focus on efficiency. This is more than Just arranging the tools and equipment where they will be used and in the sequence they will be used. It i s â€Å"straightening† the work path for materials, tools and the work process. Of all the steps this is the one that typically produces the greatest cost reductions. Straightening the work process can include changes in dies or tooling that reduces finishing labor, for example.It may include interaction with the customer to implement design changes that result in cost reduction or quality improvement. It is also the step that bears the most repeat visits to implement continual improvement. Sweep – This is Just what it says: keeping the workplace clean as well as neat. At the end of the shift, the work area is cleaned and everything is restored to its proper place. In straighten, the workplace is clearly marked where things go and gives confidence in the ability to find hat is needed when it is needed.The key point here is that cleanliness is a regular part of the daily work effort, not an effort initiated when the workplace gets too messy. Standardize – Standar dizing the work practices means operating in a consistent and standardized fashion. Everyone knows their role and exactly what his or her responsibilities are. Actions are taken the same way – the right way – every time. Sustain – This means more than Just maintaining what has been established. Five S becomes a way of life and a new way to operate. It is important that management does not allow a gradual cline back to the old ways of operating.Sustain also means that when an issue arises – a suggested improvement, a new tool becomes available, or a new output requirement – the process is reviewed improvement. Page 5 of 8 At times a sixth S – for Safety – is added. Five S purists argue that implementation of the AS protocols will result in safety. Implementation of the AS program usually starts with a manageable project. These tend to be in limited work areas or warehouse locations. Once implemented, the results are publicized and the concept is expanded to other areas. The strength of AS is the ease of understanding and implementing the concept. Lean As trained industrial engineers, it seems pretty basic to us. Its simplicity is what makes it work. While the Japanese are rightfully given credit for re-vitiating the concept of lean, its roots really go back to Frederick Winslow Taylor of Bethlehem Steel in the asses and asses. Then it was called â€Å"Scientific Management. † The Taylor approach starts with a clean slate – it designs the process to, as much as possible, only include steps that create value in the product. It is well suited for new plants, new products or new processes. The Japanese approach addresses existing plants, products and processes.It is focused on eliminating â€Å"waste† (anything that is not adding value). As waste is reduced, quality improves, production times are reduced and cost is minimized. Various methodologies are used as tools to achieve this including Value Stream Mapping, AS, Kanata (pull systems) and error-proofing. Our view is that starting with Tailor's approach lets yo u establish the perfect world as a base line. Using the Japanese approach then helps you work toward the perfect world. Let's use a casting example. A typical process might be to cast, clean, finish, re-clean, machine and ship.Why do we clean, finish and machine? We now these processes often can't be eliminated but why not try? If the casting can be produced as-cast either by achieving best practice methods or changing casting methods (investment casting and lost foam often achieve as-cast parts), machining can be eliminated or minimized. If you don't put the stock on you don't have to take it off. Why is finishing (or at least why is so much) required? We know a state-of-the-art MEMO producing iron castings in green sand that require almost no finishing. Are you grinding/trimming parting lines?Then your patterns or molds may need attention. Are you grinding rough casting surfaces? Then your sand is not right or your die casting practices need improvement. Grinding gates? Can they b e relocated to areas where they can be left untouched and minimized using knife gating? Are you welding? If you are not Joining parts in welding all you are doing is fixing mistakes. Why do you clean before finishing? Good sand and shake-out practices should produce castings that are clean enough for finishing. Just clean one time after finishing. What's your scrap level?If you're not under 3% total scrap, no matter what casting method you use, you are not achieving best practice. That's without welding and other salvage operations by the way. There are metal casters achieving these levels every day. How do they do it? They share a lot of common traits. First, they understand what best practice is for the process they are using. That includes melting, molding, sand preparation, finishing or what-ever process they are using. They know the best practice way to do everything. You would be surprised at how many metal casters we visit who don't know what can be done.Next, they are fanati c about doing it the right way. That means equipment 2009 The Folk Group, Adolescent, PA, 18901. 1. 215. 340. 9072 www. Foolproof. Com Page 2 of 8 s well maintained, systems are defined, documented and implemented the same way every time and everyone is well trained and does their Job right. After that they focus on problem Jobs – ones that require re-design, special gating, handling or other steps to insure they are scrap free. Finally, they document all scrap and attack issues. There are other lean practices to implement. If production flows perfectly, there is no inventory waiting to be worked on.Metal casters have helped minimize work-in-process by installing conveyor lines to keep castings moving right through to finished goods storage. This eliminated putting the castings in totes and the added handling. One low to medium volume gray/ductile iron Jobbing foundry (casting weights under 50 pounds) we know now ships 30% of its production the same day and believes they can achieve 70% same day shipment. These standards aren't Just for the high volume or dedicated metal casting companies any more. â€Å"Automation† or â€Å"smart automation† is a part of lean manufacturing as well.Automation refers to automating the process so humans can focus on what humans do best. The objective here is to design the machine so it knows when it is working abnormally and alerts human. The human no longer has to monitor normal production but can focus on abnormal or fault conditions. Removing routine and repetitive activity reduces the chance for error. Lean manufacturing is focused on doing the right tasks, at the right place, at the right time, in the right quantity to achieve perfect work flow while eliminating waste (scrap) and with the ability and flexibility to change.Implementing lean manufacturing often requires a cultural change in all levels of the organization. Once management is committed, a program needs to be started that begins with small s uccesses and grows to include the entire organization. The Toyota Production System (TAPS) focuses on murk and mud. Murk focuses on the preparation and planning of the process, or what work can be eliminated in the design process. Mud are those waste steps and processes that add cost. Murk is used in new product design and mud is used to improve existing operations. TAPS identifies 7 key mud*.They are: 0 Transportation (moving products that is not actually required to perform the processing) 0 Inventory (all components, work-unprocessed and finished stock not being processed) 0 Motion (people or equipment moving or walking more than is required to perform he processing) 0 Waiting (waiting for the next production step) 0 Overproduction (production ahead of demand) 0 Over Processing (due to poor tool or product design creating activity) 0 Defects (the effort involved in inspecting for and fixing/scrapping defects) *From â€Å"Lean Thinking†, Woman, James P. ND Jones, Daniel T. , Free press, 2003, p. 352 What are the steps to developing a lean culture? 1 . Senior management needs to agree on a lean vision. Page 3 of 8 2. Identify the project leader and set objectives for the leader. 3. Communicate the plan and vision to the workforce 4. Solicit volunteers to form the Lean Implementation Team. Five to seven people with varied backgrounds seems to work best. 5. Appoint the Lean Manufacturing Implementation Team 6. Train the team in various lean tools. AS is often a good starting point. 7. Select pilot project implementation. . Implement the pilot. Evaluate the results, review and learn from mistakes made. 9. Roll out the next project(s). 10. Train supervisors how to teach and train their employees. 11. Continue adding and training in additional lean manufacturing tools. Page 4 of 8 FIVE S Companies frequently select AS as a method to start their lean manufacturing program. Five S is a manageable process that is relatively easy for people to understand and ge t their arms around. Five S is a reference to five Japanese words that have been transliterated and translated into English.The technique is characterized, incorrectly, â€Å"standardized cleanup. † It is more than that. Five S is a method to organize and manage the workspace and work flow with the intent of improving efficiency by eliminating waste, improving work flow and reducing process inefficiencies. The ass's are: Sort (Series), Straighten (Sexton), Sweep (Skies), Standardize (Quickest) and Sustain (Skittish). Sort – This means going through the work area and making sure only essential items are present. This is eliminating tools, materials, fixtures or any other items not used in the process.Everything else is stored or, preferably, discarded. Straighten – Straighten focuses on setting the workplace in order to focus on efficiency. This is more than Just arranging the tools and equipment where they will be used and in the sequence they will be used. It i s â€Å"straightening† the work path for materials, tools and the work process. Of all the steps this is the one that typically produces the greatest cost reductions. Straightening the work process can include changes in dies or tooling that reduces finishing labor, for example.It may include interaction with the customer to implement design changes that result in cost reduction or quality improvement. It is also the step that bears the most repeat visits to implement continual improvement. Sweep – This is Just what it says: keeping the workplace clean as well as neat. At the end of the shift, the work area is cleaned and everything is restored to its proper place. In straighten, the workplace is clearly marked where things go and gives confidence in the ability to find hat is needed when it is needed.The key point here is that cleanliness is a regular part of the daily work effort, not an effort initiated when the workplace gets too messy. Standardize – Standar dizing the work practices means operating in a consistent and standardized fashion. Everyone knows their role and exactly what his or her responsibilities are. Actions are taken the same way – the right way – every time. Sustain – This means more than Just maintaining what has been established. Five S becomes a way of life and a new way to operate. It is important that management does not allow a gradual cline back to the old ways of operating.Sustain also means that when an issue arises – a suggested improvement, a new tool becomes available, or a new output requirement – the process is reviewed improvement. Page 5 of 8 At times a sixth S – for Safety – is added. Five S purists argue that implementation of the AS protocols will result in safety. Implementation of the AS program usually starts with a manageable project. These tend to be in limited work areas or warehouse locations. Once implemented, the results are publicized and the concept is expanded to other areas. The strength of AS is the ease of understanding and implementing the concept.

Keep Writing to Keep Dreaming and Keep Dreaming to Keep Writing

Keep Writing to Keep Dreaming and Keep Dreaming to Keep Writing Keep writing to keep dreaming and grow as a writer. But keep dreaming, and youll succeed at whatever kind of writing you want to do or need to do. Being a good writer in business or academia or in the publishing world comes from never forgetting the dream. But what techniques and focuses work best to keep you, the writer, on track to achieve your own writing dream?In todays madcap world, we dont stop and rest often. We dont reflect much. We run constantly, always worrying about what is coming next. We have a need to catch up or get ahead of whatever were sure is chasing us through life. In writing, however, constant hurry doesnt work very well. Its important to stop and listen and let the words work, no matter why we need them or how we want to use them. They will work if we give them time to appear and do their job. But how do we do that?Albert Einstein had a technique he used in Zurich, Switzerland, when he was young and first contemplating his theory of relativity, composing those words, and refining its enormous complexities. He made a personal decision to stay away from people for periods of time. Hed leave behind the busyness of everyday life and stay inside his apartment alone, sometimes for days at a time. Hed think deeply, often not talking to anyone. Hed let the ideas flow freely whenever and however they came to him. Hed then compile them and schedule new periods of silence and personal thinking to refine them or create more new ideas.You can be like Einstein. How? By discovering your own best time to be quiet and let your mind flow like his did. You can ponder an idea thats running through your head or retrieve one you had a long time ago. You can think about a piece youve been working on, but is troublesome, for example, the last line of a poem, a character who doesnt make sense or do what you want, a plot point that isnt progressing, or a thesis or journal article or work project that you know isnt quite right yet. You can also just pause for a lo ng moment and absorb the vastness and immenseness of the universe and let your mind work and wander at will as only a mind can. If you let your subconscious practice this technique of exploration, suddenly - BOOM - youll have a great new original idea or an important refinement to perfect what youre working on.How do you enter this meditation mode? Whats the technique? You have to experiment with time and place and atmosphere and find what works best for you. As for me, I tend to slow down when its time to reflect and separate from the world outside. I enter my inner self. Usually, that is either late at night when the days work is done and Im beginning to drift off to sleep or in the morning when Im just waking up. I might be remembering a dream or trying to remember something I saw during the day just passed. Ill lie quietly, very intentionally not focusing on anything in particular. Perhaps Ill let a soft fan run in the background on a warm summers night or let soft jazz play o n my favorite all night radio show, i.e., a saxophone in the cold of winter. Sometimes, however, there will only be the stillness of the night and a darkened room as my companions.In the early morning, my time can be the moment when Im awakening and coming to full consciousness, as the sun peers inside or rain pounds the roof. Its during these remarkable moments that youll sense a new thought floating through your head or multiple thoughts racing and interacting all at once, each wanting your immediate attention. Youll want to identify every single idea or maybe focus on only the most different. But dont try too hard, or youll lose every thought in a sudden burst of awareness you dont want.It helps also to be in touch with your environment. Get in touch with where you are, but let whats around you - the details, the specifics - float free. Let it all fade into immediacy and meditation when you can. Let your subconscious wander for a moment or two no matter where youre at during yo ur day. It will, and it should. Youll be surprised where the mind can go and where it will take you. Soon, an amazing idea or even many amazing ideas that connect will arrive as new wonderful colleagues – sudden and alive and bright and all newly minted for your eyes only. Its then youll need pen and notepad nearby. Both are my best friends as a writer.We all need to stop and step back from what we do in our busiest days and find our own quiet world if only for a few minutes. Its especially important as writers to learn how to let our creative minds work freely without shackles or pressure. We know it can. Each mind works differently and uniquely. Thats the joy of writing, no matter what kind of writing you want to do or have to do.So learn how to be quiet and then be quiet regularly, even in the midst of all the daily noise of life or work that is modern life. Practice the skill of quiet exploration and mediation. Listen to your writing interior until youre comfortable and a t ease with your own personal writing process. Listen to the quiet that is your unique and personal inner person. Then you will use the technique regularly and benefit in amazing ways. Remarkable words and ideas will certainly appear. Youll be amazed at how good these words are†¦ and theyre all uniquely yours.

Biography of Amiri Baraka

Biography of Amiri Baraka Amiri Baraka (born Everett Leroy Jones; October 7, 1934–January 9, 2014) was an award-winning playwright, poet, critic, educator, and activist. He played an influential role in the Black Arts Movement and served as poet laureate of his native New Jersey. His career spanned decades, though his legacy is not without controversy. Fast Facts: Amiri Baraka Occupation: Writer, playwright, poet, activistAlso Known As: Leroi Jones, Imamu Amear BarakaBorn: October 7, 1934 in Newark, New JerseyDied: January 9, 2014 in Newark, New JerseyParents: Colt Leverette Jones and Anna Lois Russ JonesEducation: Rutgers University, Howard UniversityKey Publications: Dutchman, Blues People: Negro Music in White America, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri BarakaSpouse(s): Hettie Jones, Amina BarakaChildren: Ras Baraka, Kellie Jones, Lisa Jones, Shani Baraka, Amiri Baraka Jr., Obalaji Baraka, Ahi Baraka, Maria Jones, Dominique DiPrimaNotable Quote: â€Å"Art is whatever makes you proud to be human. Early Years Amiri Baraka was born in Newark, New Jersey to postal supervisor Colt Leverette Jones and social worker Anna Lois Jones. Growing up, Baraka played the drums, piano, and trumpet, and enjoyed poetry and jazz. He especially admired the musician Miles Davis. Baraka attended Barringer High School and won a scholarship to Rutgers University in 1951. A year later, he transferred to the historically black Howard University, where he studied subjects like philosophy and religion. At Howard, he began using the name LeRoi James but would later revert to his birth name, Jones. Expelled before graduating from Howard, Jones signed up for the US Air Force, which dishonorably discharged him after three years when communist writings were found in his possession. Although he became a sergeant in the Air Force, Baraka found military service troubling. He called the experience â€Å"racist, degrading, and intellectually paralyzing.† But his time in the Air Force ultimately deepened his interest in poetry. He worked at the base library while stationed in Puerto Rico, which allowed him to devote himself to reading. He took a particular liking to the works of the Beat poets and began writing his own poetry. After his discharge from the Air Force, he lived in Manhattan, taking classes at Columbia University and The New School for Social Research. He also became involved in Greenwich Village’s art scene and got to know poets such as Allen Ginsberg, Frank O’Hara, Gilbert Sorrentino, and Charles Olson. Marriage and Poetry As his interest in poetry deepened, Baraka met Hettie Cohen, a white Jewish woman who shared his passion for writing. The interracial couple married in 1958 against the wishes of Cohens Parents, who cried at the news of the union. Together, the couple started Totem Press, which featured the writings of beat poets like Allen Ginsberg; they also launched Yugen literary magazine. Baraka edited and wrote criticism for the literary journal Kulchur as well. While married to Cohen, with whom he had two daughters, Baraka began a romantic relationship with another woman writer, Diane di Prima. They edited a magazine called The Floating Bear and started the New York Poets Theater, along with others, in 1961. That year, Baraka’s first poetry book, Preface to a Twenty Volume Suicide Note, debuted. During this period, the writer became increasingly political. A trip to Cuba in 1960 led him to believe that he should use his art to fight oppression, so Baraka began to embrace black nationalism and support Cuban president Fidel Castro’s regime. In addition, his complicated personal life took a turn when he and Diane di Prima had a daughter, Dominique, in 1962.  The next year saw the release of Baraka’s book Blues People: Negro Music in White America. In 1965, Baraka and Cohen divorced. A New Identity Using the name LeRoi Jones, Baraka wrote the play Dutchman, which premiered in 1964. The play chronicles a violent encounter between a white woman and a black man on the New York subway. It won the Obie Award for Best American Play and was later adapted for film. The 1965 assassination of Malcolm X led Baraka to leave the mostly white Beat scene and move to the predominantly black neighborhood of Harlem. There, he opened the Black Arts Repertory Theatre/School, which became a haven for black artists such as Sun Ra and Sonia Sanchez, and led other black artists to open similar venues. The rise of black-run art venues led to a movement known as the Black Arts Movement. He also criticized the Civil Rights Movement for embracing nonviolence and suggested in works such as his 1965 poem â€Å"Black Art that violence was necessary to create a black world. Inspired by Malcolm’s death, he also penned the work A Poem for Black Hearts in 1965 and the novel The System of Dante’s Hell the same year. In 1967, he released the short-story collection Tales. Blackness and the use of violence to achieve liberation both factor into these works. Baraka’s newfound militancy played a role in his divorce from his white wife, according to her memoir How I Became Hettie Jones. Baraka himself admitted as much in his 1980 Village Voice essay, â€Å"Confessions of a Former Anti-Semite. (He denied choosing the title for the essay.) He wrote, â€Å"As a Black man married to a white woman, I began to feel estranged from her †¦ How could someone be married to the enemy? Barakas second wife, Sylvia Robinson, later known as Amina Baraka, was a black woman. They had a Yoruba marriage ceremony in 1967, the year Baraka published the poetry collection Black Magic. A year earlier, he published Home: Social Essays. With Amina, Baraka returned to his native Newark, where they opened a theater and residence for artists called the Spirit House. He also headed to Los Angeles to meet with scholar and activist Ron Karenga (or Maulana Karenga), founder of the Kwanzaa holiday, which aims to reconnect black Americans to their African heritage. Instead of using the name LeRoi Jones, the poet took the name Imamu Amear Baraka. Imamu is a title meaning spiritual leader in Swahili, Amear means prince, and Baraka essentially means a divine blessing.† He ultimately went by Amiri Baraka. In 1968, Baraka co-edited Black Fire: An Anthology of Afro-American Writing and his play Home on the Range was staged to benefit the Black Panther party. He also chaired the Committee for Unified Newark, founded and chaired  the Congress of African People, and was a chief organizer of the National Black Political Convention. By the 1970s, Baraka began to champion the liberation of â€Å"third-world† peoples across the globe rather than black nationalism. He embraced a Marxist-Leninist philosophy and became a lecturer in 1979 in the Africana studies department of the State University of New York, Stony Brook, where he later became a professor. He was also a visiting professor at Columbia University and Rutgers University and taught at the New School, San Francisco State, University of Buffalo, and George Washington University. In 1984, Baraka’s memoir, The Autobiography of LeRoi Jones/Amiri Baraka, was published. He went on to win the American Book Award in 1989 and the Langston Hughes Award. In 1998, he landed a role in the feature film Bulworth, starring  Warren Beatty. Later Years In 2002, Baraka received another honor when he became New Jersey’s poet laureate. But an anti-Semitism scandal ultimately drove him from the role. The controversy stemmed from a poem he wrote after the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks called â€Å"Somebody Blew Up America?† In the poem, Baraka suggested that Israel had advanced warning of the attacks on the World Trade Center. The poem includes the lines: Who know why Five Israelis was filming the explosionAnd cracking they sides at the notion†¦Who knew the World Trade Center was gonna get bombedWho told 4000 Israeli workers at the Twin TowersTo stay home that day Baraka said that the poem wasn’t anti-Semitic because it referenced Israel rather than Jews as a whole. The Anti-Defamation League argued that Baraka’s words were indeed anti-Semitic. The poet served as New Jersey’s poet laureate at the time, and then-Gov. Jim McGreevey attempted to oust him from the role. McGreevey (who would later resign as governor for unrelated reasons) couldn’t legally force Baraka to step down, so the state senate passed legislation to abolish the post altogether. When the law took effect on July 2, 2003, Baraka was no longer poet laureate. Death On Jan. 9, 2014, Amiri Baraka died at Beth Israel Medical Center in Newark, where he had been a patient since December. Upon his death, Baraka had written more than 50 books in a wide range  of genres. His funeral took place Jan. 18 at Newark Symphony Hall. Sources Amiri Baraka 1934-2014. Poetry Foundation.Fox, Margalit. Amiri Baraka, Polarizing Poet and Playwright, Dies at 79. New York Times, 9 January, 2014. Amiri Baraka. Poets.org.

How Planning Your Blog Content Can Help You Get More Done

How Planning Your Blog Content Can Help You Get More Done I dont like planning out my blog content, she said. My friend and I were talking about editorial calendars and I, of course, was singing the praises of them. Id been using to plan my own blogs content and seeing great results. Why? I asked. I think content is better when it is spontaneous. More fresh, she said. When its planned out, its boring and dry. And I never end up actually writing the stuff on my calendar, which makes me feel bad. The Case For Doing More Blog Planning Before You Write via @JulieNeidlingerI could relate. Sort of. Most of my blogging existence has been one of writing at random. On a whim. When I felt like it. When the inspiration was flowing.  And it was also super sporadic, once every two weeks, and then three posts in one night. But I still felt that I needed to defend the idea of planning blog content ahead of time, before it was written, to my adamant friend. So is planning your blog content the answer to great content or its nemesis? If to plan or not to plan was a concept that was on trial, lets see how it would all pan out. The Case For Planning Your Blog Content In the case of to plan or not to plan, we have six witnesses for blog planning  defense: Inspiration can be used better. Systems have a chance to work. The rule of thirds means excellence. Rants and regrets dont exist. Research is better. Ideas are better fleshed-out. Strategy needs planned content to work. 1. Use your inspiration better. When that amazing inspiration hits, thats when you can get some serious blog planning done. The thing is, inspiration isnt always a regular friend. It often hits at inconvenient times and places (in the shower, or 2 a.m., or driving down the highway). Its wonderful when you get in the zone and the words fall out of your head into magical order, but most of the time, writing is an exercise that you practice to get better. Look at it pragmatically- you could use that wave of creative goodwill on just one post, or you could use it to brainstorm and write quick notes and ideas down for many posts. When your inspiration hits, you could write one blog post. Or use it to plan a dozen.When inspiration hits, brainstorm: Headlines Post ideas Content themes Series Ebook titles Email autoresponder courses As a writer often crunched for time and distracted from getting things done, Id rather get a lot of ideas lined up than just one post published. 2. A  chance to put a great  system to work for you. Writing systems are not magic bullets.  You can become so obsessed with finding the perfect system that you get nothing done and end up with no system at all. So no, a blog planning system isnt magic. But it is a way to shift into gear, get some momentum, and let the words flow easier. Systems are exactly like priming the pump. A system to plan your blog content isnt magic. But it can help you get more done.When you plan your blog content, you dont have to be afraid of not knowing what to say. Your system will help you. And, youll have time to properly use your system to achieve good final results because you planned and arent working in a rush. Here are two examples of writing systems that work great when youre planning ahead: The snowflake method for planning your blog content. This is a system novelists sometimes use. The idea is that you start small and build structure. The goal is to avoid major rewrites because you do the foundational work in such a way that the final structure falls into place. The snowflake method has writers start with a one-sentence summary of their book, then a paragraph to describe the plot. Then the characters are developed in a similar way, and so on down the line. While your planned content might not be a novel, a system that gets you to summarize and build from that summary to create a blog post could easily work. This type of system, where you start small and at the top of the pyramid, working down to the broader content, is best for detail-oriented people who like control. Julies four-step system for planning your blog content. Ive talked in detail about a four-step method I use to write blog posts. It starts wide and loose, unlike the snowflake system, allowing people who work best from inspiration or large ideas dump everything out on the page. Then it systematically helps you prune it back through editing and locating the excess. This type of system, where you start big and work from the bottom of the pyramid, working up to tighter content, is best for people who get large ideas first and then write them down to details. Or, for people who have a rush of inspiration and ideas and have to write them down before they lose them. 3. Time to perfect the final one-third. By planning your blog content, you have the chance to work on it, rework it, and finesse it. You have the time. Blog planning gives you the time to work, more than anything. And that means you can reach that final one-third. To simplify Tim Hursons idea in his book Think Better, we work in thirds. The first third is bad. The second third is better. The last third is the keeper. Thats the idea behind writing 25 headlines  to get one keeper, thats the idea of waiting until youve finished your blog post before writing the introduction. What you write initially is like rebar. Its basic, crude, rough. Just the start. Then you pour concrete or put up the drywall in your second round of work. Finally, you finish it out and add the final touches. Thats the final third, where you find the gold. Too many blog posts out there are rebar content. The initial idea, the bare-bones writing, the surface treatment. If they had had the time, they would have really been finished.  What does perfection in that final third involve? Time to identify lazy writing mistakes. Time to proofread and make edits. Time for other team members to complete the duties they have to do. When you plan your content, you get enough time to get past that first third into the good stuff. 4. No regrets for rants. With a long and storied history of ridiculousness, I am familiar with the insta-rant that you write and publish in a nanosecond and then spend the next few weeks putting out online fires. Rants and off-the cuff content can get you into trouble. Letting them sit as a draft for a day or two is the best option. But whats even better, particularly for a brand? Sticking to an editorial calendar and not relying on rants at all. When it comes to off-the-cuff content, rants frequently bubble to the top. Yikes. Spare yourself regret, avoid writing and publishing in the same fell swoop, and always stick to the plan no matter what youre angry or frustrated about in the moment. Spare yourself regret. Avoid writing and publishing in one fell swoop.5. Better research is possible. When you know what you have to write, you can research better. You can find better ideas using methods like the skyscraper technique. I know that having a plan in place and knowing what I will be writing about makes me more aware of what I could use in upcoming blog posts as Im reading and hopping around the Internet. This actually saves time in the long run. You cant do that when you dont plan. 6. A chance to use your organized ideas. Organizing ideas so that you can find and use them when you need to is a challenge. Much of the time, the reason people write in the moment is that they lack a system of storing that idea for a later time when they could write the content better. So they just toss it online so they dont lose it. When you plan your blog content, you can plug those ideas into your plan. Its one of my favorite things about , the ability to gather notes, research, links, conversations, and files right where Im planning. I dont have to feel the panic of writing now and hoping I can make it work in the first round. I can put it all together as time allows, and write later according to the plan. 7. You can create and implement strategy. Cant plan your blog content? You sure as heck wont be able to create a content strategy. Cant plan your content? You sure as heck wont be able to create a content strategy. How can you do any A/B testing if you never plan anything ahead of time? How can you pick out relevant patterns in your analytics? How can you attempt to make improvements to your content, your conversions- your anything- if you dont plan? No strategy, no direction, no budget. Planning ahead with your content goes hand-in-hand with planning your content marketing strategy as a whole. The Case Against Planning Your Blog Content Are there times when planning your blog content is detrimental? In the case of to plan or not to plan, lets have a look at the witnesses for the prosecution: You miss out on trends. Topics are not interesting anymore. Topics are now irrelevant. True inspiration is always better. Planning leads to procrastination. Planned content is dull. Are these legitimate witnesses or do they fall apart under scrutiny? Lets have a look. 1. Miss out on hot trends. You definitely cant know what the big trend is going to be a month or two ahead of it. That is true. But planning your blog content means you allow for flexibility when necessary. Your plan can absorb those last-minute trend blog posts if they are an important part of your niche. Trendy posts are the sprinkles on a cupcake- great to have, but you still need the cupcake or they are just lame sprinkles. The plan gives you the ability to sprinkle trending content on top. 2. Topics are no longer interesting. Sometimes planned topics arent as interesting to you when it comes time to write them, even if you thought they were a few weeks or months ago. This could lead to boring posts, lackluster writing, or missed deadlines as you put off writing the post. Well. Im sorry for your pain. Thats the business and work of writing. But if you simply cant bring yourself to write the content that you arent interested in anymorefine. Dont write it. Plan extra content ideas so you have the freedom to reject ideas. Give yourself some leeway as part of your plan. Guess what? This very blog post was planned more than  three months ago. When I opened up my editorial calendar to start my scheduled post, I looked at it and thought: Ugh. I have nothing to say about this. In that moment, I didnt particularly like planned content, either, because writing the plan was not very inspiring. So I reverted to my usual writing system, began the process, primed the word pump, and got the post written. And heres the big secret: What might seem like a boring post gets more interesting as you actually start writing it. Truth. What might seem like a boring post gets more interesting as you actually start writing it.3. Topics are no longer relevant. The topics you picked a month ago are not relevant or appropriate anymore. Again, fine. So what? Discard them, find something new, or tweak them so they fit. The scrap cookie dough left over after cutting out shapes doesnt make the cookies any less good. In the same way, the topics that cant be used dont make the planning any less beneficial. 4. There really are inspired moments to write. There truly are moments when you are more inspired to write. Yes. There are moments when the writing gods smile down on you and gift you with the golden words. So write. Use that. But dont make that your go-to system for creating content. They are horribly fickle gods, those jerks, and they are the patrons of blogs that have five fantastic posts spread out over six years. 5. Planning feeds into procrastination. Admittedly, excessive planning is one of the great procrastinators tools. Im quite fond of planning. Planning is exciting. It feels like youre getting things in order  while skipping out on the hard part of actually doing something.  So, if youre prone to procrastination, planning your blog content can be a way you make yourself feel better about not actually creating the content. But thats your problem with procrastination, not planning. Find topics that you want to write. Find a system that makes the start of content creation less formidable so you dont keep putting it off. Dont blame your blog planning. Figure out why you are procrastinating instead.

What is academic misconduct Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

What is academic misconduct - Essay Example Students cannot be excused from such clear instincts of cheating, while it is possible that the accusation of academic misconduct may sometimes hurt those students who were not aware in the first place that they committed a mistake. To avoid this, proper measures should be taken to let students know clearly what plagiarism means, and how a lack of understanding about it may lead to academic misconduct. Q: How have you figured out what cheating is here at university? Who has talked to you about cheating to help you understand what is considered cheating? Who have you talked with here at university to help you determine what is considered cheating? What are some things that are considered cheating? A: Before I took a test in the University, I heard that my friend took the same class at summer and he has the midterm paper for that class. So I asked the midterm paper of summer and received. When I took the midterm exam, I found the midterm exam was exactly same from the summer class so I wrote what I had. At that time, I never thought this was cheating because the other class before I took this class, some professor posted the last semester exams and solutions and I had used those things for my exams. But a student conduct told me that was a kind of cheating. First time, I could not agree with him. But I found that I had been mistaken about what cheating was because what I wrote in the last exam was not from my idea and thinking. Even if I did not copy from others in a class, if I used other’s idea or thinking from outside source, that could be cheating. The University expects my answers to be original, based on my exposure to the subject in my classroom and through my ow n reading and observations. If I used ideas and expressions of others without acknowledging it, I was committing plagiarism. Moreover, one has to be very honest in exams. This is what I learned form this incident. A: The

Introduction to cultural and historical studies Essay

Introduction to cultural and historical studies - Essay Example Nowadays, however, haute couture is no longer trickling down in the same dominant flow, as subcultures and gender positions evolve (Barker 2000). The postmodern society reflects globalisation of brands, where heterogeneity exists and persists, and where bubbling up mixes with trickle downs to form social identities (Kratz and Reimer 1998). This paper will talk about fashion and appearance of the haute couture in postmodern context and will explore how fashion and appearance help people create their social identities through cloth rite. This paper argues that clothing rite portrays evolving concepts of masculinity and femininity in the new haute couture of the postmodern society through mixtures of trickle down and bubble up phenomena. This section discusses a short overview of haute couture’s evolution from trickle-down theory to bubbles up and to a mix of both. During the nineteenth century, the French led the rise of haute couture, where the elite classes define fashion tren ds and appearance statements (Veblen 1994: 52). The masses endeavoured to copy the elite, a signification of their desire for social mobility: â€Å"The result is that the members of each stratum accept as their ideal of decency the scheme of life in vogue in the next higher stratum, and bend their energies to live up to that ideal† (Veblen 1994: 52). As a result, the masses tried to replicate the clothing rite of the rich, although they were limited by their own resources. Reproduction of the lower class, however, would be undermined by the upper class’ revision of their dress codes. Social demarcation cannot be maintained if homogeneity was too perceptible â€Å"and thus the game goes merrily on† (Simmel 1973: 175). This game is largely a game owned and manipulated by the elite. They use their fashion and appearance to differentiate themselves from the masses and enforce power over the latter (Miller and Real 1998: 19). They form clothing rites that are expens ive and continuously changing. In a way, they are saying that people beneath them cannot catch up that easily, for the former need the same game of life to preserve the status quo that protects and promotes their upper-class interests (Simmel 1973: 175). The rules and language of the game changed at the postmodern era. Postmodernism has no single definition, but is often described in terms of its principles. First, Lyonard argues that postmodernism emerged when the grand narratives broke down, especially the narrative that exhorts the problem-solving purposes and ends of science (Miller and Real 1998: 19). Second, Baudrillard underscores that global communication technologies allowed for a â€Å"culture of mass production and simulacra† and from henceforth, originality has stopped (Miller and Real 1998: 19). Third, consumption transitioned from the puritan ethic of consumption to â€Å"commercial ethic of conspicuous consumption† (Miller and Real 1998: 19). Baudrillard stresses that reality have turned into hyper-reality, where authenticity and representation has exploded and sign systems have replaced objects as a whole

Pschology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Pschology - Essay Example At the presynaptic nerve terminal, chemical neurotransmitters are discharged by neurons. The neurotransmitters’ movement achieves communication of information between neurons and cells across the small gap known as the synapse. Neurotransmitters vary in terms of their functions. Some of the chemical markers serve regulative, stimulatory, motive, and inhibitory roles. For instance, neurotransmitters are important in the regulatory processes of emotion and sensation. Therefore, their role in determining an individual’s behavior is expansive. Dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin are the most commonly cited neurotransmitters. Dopamine is typically discharged by naturally rewarding factors like sex and food. Along with stimulating effects, dopamine serves many additional  roles, such as  in behavior, learning, motivation, pleasure, sleep, sexual arousal, mood, movement, and attention. Likewise, the neurotransmitter serotonin regulates behavior and mood. Some facets of behavior that serotonin affects includes appetite, learning, sleep, and memory. With optimal levels, norepinephrine fosters a sense of wellbeing and a feeling of euphoria during stressful conditions. With excessive levels of norepinephrine, individuals can suffer physiological symptoms of fear and anxiety. From these three cases, one can clearly see that neurotransmitters greatly affect individual behaviors. For instance, dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine are each commonly correlated with symptoms of depression. If an organism’s body is an aircraft, the brain is analogous to the pilot. Besides serving as the root of consciousness and rationality, the brain is reducible to being the root of behavior. Like the control room of a power plant, the brain contains several areas for monitoring and regulating different behaviors. These brain regions include the cerebellum, the diencephalon, the brainstem, and the cerebrum. The cerebellum controls the body’s sense of bala nce and equilibrium. The frontal lobe of the cerebellum controls a large portion of an individual’s behaviors. Because this region conditions emotions, it plays a central role in the daily experiences of human beings. Likewise, the limbic system, which refers to brain structures such as the hippocampus, hypothalamus, and amygdala, also retains an important role in the regulation of motivation and emotion. The hypothalamus affects basic life functions. For instance, sleep, sexual drive, appetite, and stress reactions are all factors conditioned by the hypothalamus. The amygdala is located in the posterior lobes of the forebrain and causes emotional aggression as manifested by anger, fear, or disgust. Additionally, it is responsible for the effects of pheromones with regard to sexuality and reproduction. The orbitofrontal cortex, which is also a part of the frontal lobes of the brain, also affects many of those emotional reactions initiated in the amygdala. Disturbances in the limbic system will greatly affect an individual’s behavior and mood. Ultimately, the brainstem is the information center where all sensory input is filtered. The diencephalon contributes to this filtering of sensory information during the process of regulating pain sensation, thirst, hunger, and temperature sensitivity. The cerebrum is the largest region of the brain and retains an important role in transferring information between the two sides of the brains, in addition to regulating inhibitions, impulses, and judgments. Sensory processing is a

William the conqueror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William the conqueror - Essay Example This paper studies the reforms initiated by William the Conqueror and its impact on England. William was the son of the Duke of Normandy and appointed to take his father’s place during the latter’s journey to the holy land. His young life was marked by chastity and piety as his character became strong due to the circumstances of that time era. As Normandy descended into anarchy, he became an invincible and feared military defeat for his victories in the battlefield. During the 1040s, as France was threatened by civil war, he won important military victories at Alen and Domfront. He became the undisputed master of the French province of Maine. His fiefdom was the most powerful one in France which even managed to defy the French king. In 1066, he claimed the throne of England which was challenged by Harold Godwinson. William appeared with a huge army of Normans where the famous Battle of Hastings was fought in which he was victorious1. The conquest of England led to the domination of the land, people and government by the Normans. Permission was also given to build castles which would help protect the Norman nobility from attacks. William established his government with the qualities of a statesman. He also needed to enforce his laws with an iron fist to prevent the English from rebelling against Norman authority. One of his greatest achievements was the comprehensive manuscript which became known as the Doomsday Book. This book carried out a census of the people living within the territories of William the conqueror. This census was also carried to initiate a new system of taxation which would help to fund the government of William the conqueror. William also introduced heavy taxes which did not prevent people from looking at him with a negative light. The English people looked towards William as their protector from feudal oppression2. One of William’s most bitter legacies was the forest laws3. William

- Electronic commerce and architecture Research Paper

- Electronic commerce and architecture - Research Paper Example This trend can be attributed to the fact that online shopping is efficient in terms of saving time and an opportunity to virtually draw meaningful comparisons on the various online shops available (Yue, DeSilva, Kim, Aktepe, Nagle, Boerger, Jain & Verma, 2009). Perhaps consumers are attracted by the fact that one can shop anywhere, anytime at leisure and pleasure even in the comfort of pajamas. Consumers have an easy time to search through various databases for goods and services. It is very easy to compare prices at the click of the mouse thus making purchases at best prices possible. Online vendors on the other hand have an easy time to interact with their clients thus a reduced need for intense advertisement. The history of e-commerce from which an interesting timeline can be generated, dates back to the emergence of the notion of selling and buying, computers, modems, cables, electricity and the internet (Slaughter, Levine, Ramesh, Pries-Heje, & Baskerville, 2006). It follows that e-commerce was introduced into the society with the timely emergence of the internet. Surprisingly, e-commerce and its related technology have been there for close to forty years. Today, it is very apparent how thousands of business establishments have continued to embrace websites. This paper seeks to highlight on the history of e-commerce and architecture from the time of its conception followed by its rapid development. Furthermore, the present and the future situation of e-commerce will also be discussed. Yue et al (2009) assert that the original definition of e-commerce was the process of making business transactions electronically from Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) in relation to the existing technologies. These technologies were first reported in the late 1970’s. They enhanced information exchange and execution of business

William the conqueror Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

William the conqueror - Essay Example This paper studies the reforms initiated by William the Conqueror and its impact on England. William was the son of the Duke of Normandy and appointed to take his father’s place during the latter’s journey to the holy land. His young life was marked by chastity and piety as his character became strong due to the circumstances of that time era. As Normandy descended into anarchy, he became an invincible and feared military defeat for his victories in the battlefield. During the 1040s, as France was threatened by civil war, he won important military victories at Alen and Domfront. He became the undisputed master of the French province of Maine. His fiefdom was the most powerful one in France which even managed to defy the French king. In 1066, he claimed the throne of England which was challenged by Harold Godwinson. William appeared with a huge army of Normans where the famous Battle of Hastings was fought in which he was victorious1. The conquest of England led to the domination of the land, people and government by the Normans. Permission was also given to build castles which would help protect the Norman nobility from attacks. William established his government with the qualities of a statesman. He also needed to enforce his laws with an iron fist to prevent the English from rebelling against Norman authority. One of his greatest achievements was the comprehensive manuscript which became known as the Doomsday Book. This book carried out a census of the people living within the territories of William the conqueror. This census was also carried to initiate a new system of taxation which would help to fund the government of William the conqueror. William also introduced heavy taxes which did not prevent people from looking at him with a negative light. The English people looked towards William as their protector from feudal oppression2. One of William’s most bitter legacies was the forest laws3. William

Human longevity, how trans fat affects longevity Essay

Human longevity, how trans fat affects longevity - Essay Example All of the fats consumed are essentially a mixture of saturated and polyunsaturated fats. Fats have been a part of the diet of humanity from the very almost the very beginning of time in the meat that was consumed, and gradually increased when human beings found the means to extract vegetable oils from sources like coconuts, palms and olives, gradually expanding to a wide range of vegetable sources. Therefore consumption of fat in appropriate quantities was a part of human diet for a very long period of time, and consumption of appropriate quantities of suitably extracted and stored animal or vegetable fats need not have a detrimental impact on the health of an individual. It is when unsuitably extracted and stored fats are consumed that there is a greater emphasis on health hazards. To prevent fats from getting rancid or spoiled a process of hydrogenation of fats was introduced in the early nineteenth century. This process, which hardens the vegetable oils, has given us products lik e margarine and shortening. Trans fats or trans fatty acids are mainly these partially hydrogenated vegetable oils that are used in growing proportions in food products, but not necessarily the only source. Deep frying of food products is also capable of adding trans fats to the food products. The detrimental effects of trans fats on the health of an individual and the rising quantum of its consumption have become research subjects. Evidence from this interest has shown that both these factors have a negative impact on the life span of an individual. Aging is a natural and normal process in any individual. Yet there is a difference in the manner that physical abilities of an individual diminish with age. There is increased evidence from research that increase in physiological changes like increased blood sugar and cholesterol levels, elevated blood pressure and weight gain do not contribute to normal aging

Presentation Essay Example for Free

Presentation Essay As a matter of introduction, I would provide the students with all relevant information concerning the topic in question and thereafter introduce the use of graphic organizers. Firstly, I would let the students be in pairs and assign them a task which will require the two to discuss. I would henceforth combine several pairs of the students to form a small group for purposes of discussion. Thereafter, I would join the small groups to form the whole class and therefore let them work as a class. The first step of teaching the students helps them to learn all the required concepts before they are allowed to master the concepts through graphic organizers (Danford, 2006). Step two which has given two students the chance to read through their books and hence gather information. The sub-groups on the other hand helps the students to compare any information they came up with and therefore be able to decide what was the required information. Given that the groups will have drawn a conclusion, the whole class shall benefit when the results are read by different leaders of the small groups. Finally, I would request the students to all write a report individually which shows their masterly level. The next step in my plan would be to help the students be able to attain the objectives of the lessons as per the requirements. This I would help the students to achieve the right information for the specific class. Graphic organizers would be best to use where I would allow the students to identify the required concepts of the lesson. Most students would be able to assimilate all the information about a specific lesson only when they are given a brief summary which contains the objectives of the lesson (Adams, 2007). Therefore, graphic organizers would help me to summarize all the required concepts for students to understand easily. With this I would let the students know that the objectives of the specific lesson are summarized in the graphic organizer. The following is an example of a graphic organizer that highlights on events which depend on certain inputs and specific requirements for the output to be as desired. The above graphic organizer has elaborated on how the required results of the task would not be got without the input which has to go through certain processing to attain the required specification. Michael (2004) observed that this type graphic organizer helps the students during their revision to spot the necessity of specific requirements for the output to be as desired. Students shall hence be in a position to formulate several relating questions especially on the requirements for the output to be as specified. Mostly the graphic organizer will hence be of help to the students especially in identifying the right flow of the required process before they get the final result.

The Brewery Industry In Nigeria

The Brewery Industry In Nigeria The brewery industry belongs to the manufacturing sector under the Nigerian Stock Exchange (This Day, 2011). It dates back to over six decades with the birth of the pioneer company; Nigerian Breweries in 1949 with of star larger beer, followed by Guinness Nigeria in 1962 with Guinness stout. The major products in the brewery industry are beer, stout and non-alcoholic drinks (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). For the purpose of this paper, beer will be used to connote lager and stout. The industry experienced a boom in the 1970s due to the fledging oil industry and rapidly increased from less than five n 1970 to over thirty by 1980 (Obot, 2000). The ownership of the firms in the industry are either public or state-owned with or without foreign partnership. There are challenges of high operational costs due to importation, expert-skilled labour, maintenance of machinery and equipments. These challenges have lead to the closure of quite a number of the smaller firms in the early 80s leaving only the large firms with strong financial base.. At present, there are thirteen brewery (Nigerian Custom Service, 2011) companies left with only four listed under the Nigerian Stock Exchange (This Day, 2011). The industry is at the maturity stage of its life cycle but still remains one of the striving industry in the Nigerian manufacturing sector. It has a direct employment of over 30,000 personnel and an indirect employment of over 300,000 thousand personnel as a result of the firms providing ancillary services to the industry (Equity Research report, 2006). Nigerian Breweries and Guinness Nigeria are the two major players in the industry with . Nigerian Breweries leading the market with about 65% market share while Guinness Nigeria follows with about 25%. They both enjoy economies of scale and have good return on their investment (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). Analyses of Macro-environmental factors Every industry is affected by factors in the environment in which they operate. These factors which they have no direct control over, may either impact positively or negatively on the industry. The factors used for this analysis are Political, Economic, Social and Technology. Political The Nigerian political history after independence in 1960 has been characterized by a compendium of military and civilian governments. The military regimes had adversely affected the real sector, an example was the ban placed on importation of barley; the raw material for production of beer, by the military government of Buhari in 1987 (Porter Phillips-Howard, 1994). However the past twelve years of civilian government has witnessed relative stability in most parts of the country except for the restiveness in the Niger Delta region, which has dwindled the countrys crude oil revenue. It is expected that the on-going elections will successfully usher in a new civilian government that will further stabilize the polity and create an enabling environment that will attract foreign investors and stimulate the resuscitation of the real sector (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). Economic Nigeria operates a mixed economy which encourages the co-existence of both the private sectors and the state in the market place. It is an emerging economy with potential economic power given the abundant resources. The countrys economy is well diversified along sectoral classification with the oil sector accounting for over 80% of its GDP, through crude oil export thereby making its revenue highly susceptible to the vagaries of the trends in the international market (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). The economy is supported by a very resilient and strictly regulated financial system that has gone through several reforms within the past decade. While the exchange rate has been relatively stable in the past two years, interest rates have been closely regulated by the Central Bank of Nigeria while efforts to bring inflation rate below single digit has been elusive. Other factors that have contributed to the harsh economic climate in Nigeria are lack of power and inadequate infrastructure. The period between years 2000 and 2010 has witnessed the closure of more than 850 industries. However, with the trend of increase in the manufacturing GDP over the past years (i.e. 2008: 3.6%, 2009: 4.2%), it is expected that a stable terrain will continue to attract investors in years to come (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). Social Nigeria with its population of about 150 million is a huge potential market for investors. The country is the second largest beer market in Africa after South Africa. South Africa with a population of 47.9million according to 2007 statistical data, has a beer consumption per capita of 50 hectolitres while Nigeria has 10 hectolitres per capita. Industry operators are of the view that the existing firms capacity are not enough to meet the demand of the market, and there is therefore room for expansion (Momoh, 2009). Nigeria is a diverse country with over 250 ethnic groups. The population of the country gives a religious spread of Muslims(50%), Christians(40%) and indigenous religions(10%). The Muslims and Pentecostal Christians do not indulge in beer consumption due to their religious beliefs (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011) The above notwithstanding, beer consumption remains a social activity in Nigeria and the sale of the commodity has continued to increase from year to year.. Technology The brewery industry is highly capital intensive. This accounts for the reason why the ownership structure is either public and/or state-owned with/without foreign partnership. The technology for the industry, spare parts and expert technicians are not available in country and therefore highly dependent on foreign exchange. Guinness for example has Diego of Ireland as its foreign partner (Trade Invest, 2009). The ban on importation of barley in 1987 necessitated the industry to settle for local substitute of maize and sorghum as raw materials for its production. The resultant plant conversion to accommodate the new raw material input-mix cost Nigerian Brewery a whopping sum of 100million naira! (Equity Research report, 2006). One of the major challenges facing the industry is the maintenance of equipments and machinery. The players commit huge financial resources in technology and upgrades in order to remain competitive (Equity Research report, 2006). Analysis of Industry Competitiveness using Porter Five Forces Industry competitiveness is said to determined by bargaining power of buyers, power of suppliers, threats of new competitors, threat of substitute products and rivalry among existing firms. The profitability of the industry is determined by these five Forces as they influence prices, costs and required investment (Porter, 1985). Bargaining Power of Buyers Buyers create demand in the market and their bargaining power would represent a strong competitive force if they have sufficient bargaining leverage to influence and obtain price concessions and other favourable terms and conditions of sale (Thompson et al, 2010). In the case of the brewery industry, consumers are scattered across specific regions in the country. Some states in the Northern part of Nigeria do not permit the sale of alcoholic beverages due to religious beliefs. The price elasticity demand for sales of brewery products is inelastic, an increase in price may not have a significant impact on demand. A decrease in consumer disposable income may have a small impact on demand, as buyers may go for cheaper brands or substitute products. The introduction of a new product into market that is not related to the brewery industry may compete with brewery products for consumer disposable income. The introduction of GSM service into the Nigerian market in 2003 created a serious competition for the brewery industry (Equity Research report, 2006). The industry has good distribution networks, in fact, they are the buyers in the industry as they control movement of the products from the producer to the retailers, and thus determine the price of the products to a certain extent. This unfortunately does not allow interaction between the producers and the consumers, however the players in the industry especially the two big players strive to maintain contact with their consumers by advertisements, promotion of events and also sponsorships of various programmes and activities (Jernigan Obot, 2006). Bargaining Power of Suppliers Suppliers in the industry include distributors of raw materials, components and finished products. Such components include bottles, crown corks, labels e.t.c. These services are outsourced because the Nigerian law does not permit the brewery firms to produce them (Equity Research report, 2006). There are more distributors and suppliers than existing brewery firms in existence. The raw materials and components being undifferentiated give the manufacturers the luxury to chose their suppliers at will (Equity Research report, 2006). Nigerian Breweries alone has about 147 distributors and wholesalers within the country (Famurewa Orekoya, 2008). However the distributors may pose a threat to the industry during industrial actions. Threat of new Entrants According to Porter, the threat of new entrants will affect the profitability of an industry (Porter, 1985) as the incumbents may be forced to lower their prices in order to discourage new entrants thereby reducing profitability. In the Nigerian Brewery industry, some factors which help to raise barrier to entry include capital requirements, legal costs, economies of scale, distribution networks (oppapers.com, 2011). Nigerian Breweries and Guinness both have foreign technical partners who provide the needed technical and financial assistance (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). The other companies are mainly public or state owned and are localised within their region. There were no new entrant into the business, until 2009 when SABMiller a South African company came on stream with the acquisition of Peabody Breweries and Standard Breweries. SABMiller strategy in gaining part of the market share was to produce low cost beer for a segment of the market who could not afford the premium brand of the existing market. However Nigeria Breweries was already producing such through Consolidated Breweries one of its subsidiary (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). Threat of Substitute The availability of substitute may impact an industrys profitability as consumers may decide to switch to a substitute product (Boeing et al, 2008). In Nigeria the consumption of traditional drinks such as burukutu, palm wine and ogogoro has a cultural affinity among consumers in the rural and urban areas. Other potential substitutes include alcoholic drinks such as wine, brandy, vodka and non alcoholic drinks such as malt, juice, soft and energy drinks. The alcoholic drinks are known to be consumed by a higher segment of the society (Jernigan Obot, 2006), while the non-alcoholic drinks are to target the non-beer consuming religious groups. Beer however remains the beverage of choice as some studies carried out have shown its predominant preference over other alcoholic beverages (Obot, 2000). Beer is known to account for 96% of alcoholic sales in Nigeria (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). Intensity of Rivalry among existing firms This is a measure of the extent to which existing firms compete among each other for customers, this could be price and non-price based (Boeing et al, 2008). In the industry as mentioned earlier, competition is between the two major players, however there are no price wars as the products are differentiated and price differences are insignificant. The industry produces 22 brands of lager and 4 brands of stout besides other non-alcoholic drinks, Nigerian Breweries dominates the market in the larger (Star) segment while Guinness dominates the stout (Guinness) segment (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). For non-priced based competition, the two companies compete on product innovations, such as packaging, branding and advertisements. Consumers have witnessed innovation of packaging from bottle to can and sip-it packs. Summary of Five Forces A summary of the five forces is hereby presented in the table below using key drivers and resultant effect on industry (Boeing et al, 2008). Table 1 Force Key drivers Effect Power of buyers Concentration is high, no bargaining leverage Low Power of suppliers Suppliers more than Producers Low Threat of substitute Increased growth in substitute industry High Threat of new Entrant High barrier to entry Low Intensity of rivalry Two major competitors Moderate Overall analysis Moderate SWOT Analysis SWOT analysis will be used to measure an organizations strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the industry on a four cell chart (Dibb et al, 2006). Figure 1 Strength Economies of scale Strong financial base Experience High staff turn-over Inflexible technology Cost Control Weakness Opportunity Technology Market growth Good distribution network Govt legislation Continued low margin Failure to capture mkt growth Threat (Dibbs et al, 2006) Recommendations With strength and opportunity, an organization in the industry can capitalize by expansion or acquisition of weaker firms. An organization with opportunity and internal weakness should watch the market slowly and formulate a strategy to build on its weakness. A weak organization facing threat should take the strategic turn-around required, by exiting the business or allow itself to be taken over by a bigger firm. An organization with strength but facing threat should use its strength to overcome its weakness (Dibb et al, 2006) Hirschmann Herfindahl Index (HHI) HHI is a measurement of the concentration of an industry. It is measured by squaring the sum of the market share within that industry . A HHI figure greater than 1800 imply an industry that is considerably concentrated (Boeing et al, 2008). Table 2 Company Revenue (2009)m Market share Market share^2 Nigerian Breweries $1,100 65% 4,225 Guinness Nigeria $ 587.7 25% 625 Others 10% 100 Total 4,950 (Corporate Nigeria, 2010/2011). The HHI measure gives a figure of 4,950 which shows a highly concentrated industry tending towards an oligopoly (Boeing et al, 2008). Conclusion The brewery industry has proved to be a sustainable business in Nigeria with over six (6) decades of operation and having survived years of unstable polity, economic downturns and different government policy and reforms. The industry has been consistently dominated by Nigerian Breweries and Guinness and is sadly tending towards oligopoly with the acquisition of five existing breweries by Nigerian Breweries (allAfrica.com, 2011). Nigeria is still considered one of the least penetrated beer market in the world in terms of its demographic population of over 150million (allAfrica.com, 2011). More investors are definitely welcome, however such investors will need to commit huge capital outlay to build plants or acquire existing firms and also create a strong distribution network in order to compete with the existing firms. Beer consumption is a win-win situation, Nigerians drink when they are happy and wish to celebrate, they also drink when they are sad or emotionally down. The brewery industry will therefore continue to enjoy a sustained growth in the country.

The Strain of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Annie John Essay

The Strain of Mother-Daughter Relationships in Annie John Jamaica Kincaid accurately portrays how adolescence can strain mother- daughter relationships. The mother- daughter relationships are universal but "it is not clear why we avoid the topic"(Gerd). The father- daughter relationships and the mother- sons relationships are the issues mostly talked about. In Jamaica Kincaid's novel, Annie John, she explains and gives insight into mother- daughter relationships. In Annie John, there are events that make people think about their relationship with their own mother. Kincaid expresses this relationship through her main character Annie who tries to find her own identity. The relationship between Annie and her mother (also called Annie) was very strong and they do a lot of things together. By the time Annie turns twelve, she starts to go through some changes which many teenagers normally goes through. In order for Annie to mature and prepare for the world, Annie's mother told her to find her own way of life. Due to these new changes, the relationship between Annie and her mother begins to degenerate. Annie now did things her mother disapproved of. At the end of the story, their relationship was okay but not as strong as it was before. After reading this book I saw that the main issue discussed in her novel, is all the stages mother- daughter relationships go through. The mother- daughter relationships are intense relationships. This is a relationship most daughters have with their mother from birth. Both male and female children are attached to their mother from birth, but most male child quickly grows out of it. The daughter is so attached to the mother in a complex way in whic... ... Louis F. Caton. "Romantic Struggles: The Bildungsroman and Mother- Daughter Bonding in Jamaica Kincaid's Annie John." Melus. vol. 21, No.3. Fall 1996. 125-42. Rpt. in Literature Resource Center. Nagel, James. "Desperate Hopes, Desperate Lives: Depression and Self Realization in Jamaica Kincaid's Annie John and Lucy." Traditions, Voices, and Dreams: The American Novel Since the 1960s. Ed. Melvin J. Friedman and Ben Siegel. U. of Delaware P, 1995, 237-53. Rpt. in Novels for Students. vol. 3. Rpt. in Literature Resource Center. Phyllis NCTU. "The Images in Annie John." 4 May 2000. 10 Dec. 2000. William M. Smith. "Annie's Mother and "Mary": Motherhood in Various Literary Forms." 26 July 1999. 15 Dec. 2000.

Communication in Health, Social Care Essay

1.Understand why communication is important in the work setting 1.1 Identify the different reason people communicate Good communication skills are so important within a health and social care environment because we communicate with others all the time. Effective communication helps us better understand a person or situation, enables us to resolve differences, build trust and respect, and create environments where creative ideas, problem solving, affection, and caring can flourish. Different reasons why people communicate†¢ Communication is a tool with which influence can be exercised on others.†¢ Communication can be used to bring out changes in attitudes, motivate people and establish and maintain relationships.†¢ Communication is essential for seeking and providing information.†¢ We communicate to express our emotions like courage or fear, joy or sorrow, satisfaction or disappointment with appropriate gestures and words.†¢ Communication is important for dev eloping positive relationships with children, young people and their families, colleagues and other professionals.†¢ Communication allows ideas to be conveyed clearly and succinctly.†¢ It is a process by which two or more people exchange ideas, facts, feelings or impressions in ways that each gains a common understanding of the message. Read more: Identify four different reasons why people communicate  essay The way in which you communicate will be different depending on the person with whom you are communicating and the purpose of the communication. We have formal and informal communication Formal communication tends to start with a greeting such as ‘Good afternoon. How are you feeling today?’ It can be used to show respect for others. Formal conversation is often used when a professional person, such as a health or social care worker, speaks to someone using a service. It is clear, correct and avoids misunderstanding. Communication with a manager is usually formal. A manager is usually more distant from those they manage so that if they need to, for example, issue a formal warning to someone, it is less awkward for both parties than if they are friends. Informal communication (often used between people who know each other well, like friends and family) is more likely to start with ‘Hi, how are you?’ and allows for more variety according to the area someone lives in. For example, in some places it is common for people to call other people ‘Love’ even if they have only just met them. People usually communicate more informally with friends, including those they work closely with on a day-to-day basis.   1.2 explain how effective communication affects all aspect of the learner’s work Effective communication is more than just talking, and is essential for the well-being of the individuals you care for. It includes body language, gestures, facial expressions, positioning and appearance. It is important to be aware of non-verbal communication when interacting with your individuals at work. When communicating with a deaf person always make sure of eye contact and the client then may be able to lip read rai se your voice and speak clearly to the client. Always be aware of their level of understanding and act accordingly. It is important to give client time to communicate as not everyone communicates in the same way and care assistant must make sure that communicate in a way that is most suitable for them. Some patient may have problem with correct pronunciation and then care assistant should allow appropriate length of time to let them communicate. It also important to use the service user preferred form of communication as is care assistant responsibility to make sure that communication skills and methods should meet the needs of individuals. Beside if the individuals can communicate in their preferred method the person is more likely to express their needs. It is important to adapt how we communicate as sometimes the chosen method of communication may turn out not sufficient enough for example if a person may have difficulties in expressing himself/herself verbally which my cause frustration it may be necessary to use non-verbal c ommunication or pictures to get the meaning across correctly Effective communication is a main part of the work that happens in care settings. You will need to develop a range of communication skills and be able to use them effectively to carry out the different aspects of your work role. You will need to be able to communicate effectively with service users, their relatives and your colleagues, as well as colleagues from other outside services . The key to better communication is knowing the communication cycle and being able to send and revive message appropriately. 1.3 explain why it is important to observe an individual’s reactions when communicating with them When you are observing an individuals reactions while communicating it’s important to pay attention to their facial and bodily reactions because only about 70-80% of communication is verbal, meaning that you are going to miss out on a large part of communication if you are not paying attention to peoples facial and bodily reactions. When you look at a person’s facial expression, much of what you will see will be in the eyes, but the eyebrows and mouth also contribute. Notice whether someone is looking at you, or at the floor, or at a point over your shoulder. Lack of eye contact should give a first indication that all may not be well. It may be that they are not feeling confident. They may be unhappy, or feel uneasy about talking to you. You will need to follow this up. It is also important how the person is sitting. Are they relaxed and comfortable, sitting well back in the chair, or tense and perched on the edge of the seat? Are they slumped in the chair with their head down? Posture can indicate a great deal about how somebody is feeling. People who are feeling well and cheerful tend to hold their heads up, and sit in a relaxed and comfortable way. Someone who is tense and nervous, who feels unsure and worried, is likely to reflect this in the way they sit or stand. Observe hands and gestures carefully. Someone twisting their hands, or playing with hair or clothes, is displaying tension and worry. Frequent little shrugs of the shoulders or spreading of the hands may indicate a feeling of helplessness or hopelessness. In communicating with individuals always follow those steps †¢ Maintain eye contact with the person you are talking to, although you should avoid staring at them. Looking away occasionally is normal, but if you find yourself looking around the room, or watching others, then you are failing to give people the attention they deserve. †¢ Be aware of what you are doing and try to think why you are losing attention. †¢Sit where you can be easily seen. †¢Sit a comfortable distance away – not so far that any sense of closeness is lost, but not so close that you occupy their personal space. †¢Show by your gestures that you are listening and interested in what they are saying. †¢Use touch to communicate your caring and concern if appropriate. Many individuals find it comforting to have their hand held or stroked, or to have an arm around their shoulders. †¢Be aware of a person’s body language, which should tell you if they find touch acceptable or not. †¢Always consider the situation if you are unsure about what is acceptable in another culture and do not use touch as a method of communication until you are sure that it will be acceptable. †¢Think about age and gender in relation to touch. An older woman may be happy to have her hand held by a female carer, but may be uncomfortable with such a response from a man. †¢Ensure that you are touching someone because you think it will be a com fort, and not because you feel helpless and cannot think of anything to say. 2.Be able to meet communication and language needs, wishes and preferences of individuals 2.1 show how to find out an individual’s communication and language needs, wishes and preferences Health and social care staff need to find ways of encouraging service users to express their feelings and to talk about how they wish to be treated, as well as to say what they like and dislike. We can find out an individual’s preferred communication methods by: asking the services user , reading their care plan, ask relatives, ask colleagues, medical notes etc. People have a wide range of communication needs, which involve the consideration of many different factors such as: †¢sensory ability †¢cultural background †¢language †¢self-confidence †¢level of learning ability †¢physical ability. Some people may have high support needs, and may not communicate verbally. In these situations it will be necessary to use alternative methods of communication, such as signs and symbols . As a professional care worker , it is our responsibility to make sure that communication skills meet the needs of the people we support. We should not expect people to adjust their communication to fit in with us. Examples of special communication needs: hearing impaired people make sure that your face can be seen clearly face the light and the person you are speaking to at all times speak clearly and slowly ,repeat and rephrase if necessary minimise background noise   use your eyes, facial expressions and gestures to communicate,where appropriate do not be tempted to shout into a person’s ear or hearing aid visually-impaired people speak in the same way as you would to a sighted person – not louder or more slowly! Say who you are in your greeting as your voice won’t necessarily be recognised even if you have met the person before